Asexual seeds were found in 4.6% of the progeny arrays, which had multilocus genotypes that were identical to the maternal trees. The number of pollen donors per progeny array was low (N ep = 1.01) which resulted in high levels of correlated paternity (r p = 0.9). Clones were present and their diversity and evenness were both high and similar between planted and wild stands. Genetic structure analysis revealed that gene flow occurs among planted and wild stands within localities. We found no differences in genetic diversity among planted and wild stands. In three localities, we used seven polymorphic microsatellite loci and genotyped 201 adults and 648 seeds from planted and wild stands. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of genetic diversity and structure, and mating patterns in planted and unmanaged stands of the tropical fruit tree Spondias purpurea L. It has been proposed that trees planted or retained under circa situm conditions may contribute to maintaining genetic diversity, however information on the role of this strategy in preserving genetic diversity is scarce. Circa situm conserves planted or remnant species in farmlands, where natural vegetation has been modified through anthropogenic intervention. The term circa situm has been used to describe different conservation strategies within agricultural landscapes.
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